What Is The Physical Makeup Of Jupiter's Gravity

Jupiter

General History

Jupiter was discovered in 1610 by Galileo, who noticed the four big moons around Jupiter and saw that they were moving around the planet. The discovery of these moons helped evidence people that the Earth was not the center of our universe, which led to more people supporting Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar arrangement. The Slap-up Blood-red Spot on Jupiter was discovered past Cassini or Robert Hooke in the 17th century.

Cultural Significance

Jupiter, the Roman counterpart to the Greek's Zeus, is named after the Roman discussion "Jove," the Greek Zeus, who was the King of all the Gods.

Size & Calibration

Jupiter's gasses reflect a lot of the Sun'due south light dorsum to Earth, information technology is a bright planet—the fourth brightest in the solar arrangement. Jupiter is the fifth planet from the dominicus, which would imply that its orbit around the Lord's day is longer than that's of Earth. Nonetheless, Jupiter travels at 29,000 miles per hour, taking but 11.86 Earth years or 4331 Earth days to complete i orbit. Jupiter also rotates with intense speeds, every ten hours, making seasons on the planet impossible.

Surroundings/Terrain

Jupiter radiates more energy into infinite than it receives from the Sunday. Considering of the extremely hot temperatures of the core, a convection current creates complex motions in the clouds on Jupiter.

If more material were added to Jupiter, information technology would only increase slightly in size because the gravity would compress it. And then, Jupiter is approximately as large as a gas planet is able to exist. Jupiter'southward gravitational pull is 2.53 times that of Earth. Imagine weighing over twice of what you counterbalance now. That would exist similar experiencing Jupiter's gravity!

Jupiter's magnetic field extends past the orbit of Saturn! It is so strong that information technology would be immediately fatal to an unprotected human.

Jupiter has rings that are smaller and fainter than Saturn's (Saturns' rings are about a million times more massive than Jupiters'). They are composed of small grains of rocky material and are very dark. Considering of Jupiter's magnetic field, the contents of the rings are constantly being recycled. The rings contain no ice, unlike Saturn'due south. This ways that less calorie-free will exist reflected past those nighttime particles. The fabric of those rings are constantly being pulled into Jupiter; all the same, impact from asteroids on the moons constantly replenish the loss of those particles in the ring.

Physical Features

Jupiter is a gas planet, which means that it does not accept a solid surface. All the same, as you move closer to the centre of the planet, the gaseous material gets denser. This has a lot to practise with the strong gravity on Jupier, two.53 times World'due south.

Jupiter is xc% hydrogen and ten% helium. This limerick is very like to that of the Solar Nebula, which started the solar organisation.

The interior of Jupiter is hard to decide as solar probes only measure virtually 93 miles into the surface of Jupiter. However, scientists think that the core of Jupiter is probably a rocky fabric with a mass 10 to 15 times that of World's.

The bulk of the planet is made up of liquid metallic hydrogen. This rare class of hydrogen tin only occur at extreme pressures, which is the instance on Jupiter. Liquid metallic hydrogen is a usher and accounts for the magnetic field around Jupiter.

The outer layer is mainly hydrogen and helium, starting in a liquid course and changing to gaseous as the distance increases from the cadre.

There are 3 distinct layers of clouds on Jupiter: ammonia ice, ammonium hydrosulfide, and an ice/water mix.

Jupiter has loftier winds that can exist more than than 400 mph. The winds are confined to a specific latitude and spin in opposite directions, which makes colored band on the surface of Jupiter. The light colored bands are chosen zones and the dark ones are called belts. They are visible on Jupiter's surface. The current theory for those winds is that Jupiter produces a massive amount of oestrus from its core, causing the winds to be so rapid. This is similar to hot air causing those powerful hurricanes to grade on World'south surface. The more than hot air present, the stronger the storm.

The colors of Jupiter's clouds correlate with the altitudes. Lowest to Greatest: Blue, brown, white, red. The colors of Jupiter'south atmosphere are created when dissimilar chemicals reverberate the Dominicus's light. Almost of Jupiter is hydrogen and helium, but the top of its clouds are composed of ammonia crystals, which explains the blue, with trace amounts of ice and droplets, and perhaps ammonium hydrosulfide. Powerful storms on Jupiter are created by the planet'southward convection. That allows the storms to bring textile, such as phosphorus, sulfur and hydrocarbons, from closer to the planet's cadre to the tops of the clouds, causing the white, brownish, and red spots that we meet dotting the Jovian atmosphere.

The Groovy Red Spot is a large oval on Jupiter's surface that is big enough to concur 2 Earths! It is a loftier-pressure level area where the cloud tops are higher and colder than the areas around it.

Orbiting Bodies

Jupiter has four large moons. Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They are known as Galilean moons. Io, Europa, and Ganymede orbit together and evolve their orbits together. Callisto will be locked into this orbit as well after a few hundred million years.

Jupiter has 63 known satellites. Fifty of those moons are named, merely 13 all the same have withal to receive one.

The moons are named after other figures in Zeus' life. The four largest moons are named after Zeus'due south lovers.

Io has volcanism that is constant. Europa and Ganymede (2 of Jupiter's moons) have a gravitational pull that causes Io to bulge in and out like the tides practice on World. This creates a massive amount of oestrus under the surface, and the heat searches for anyhow to escape. When it does escape, information technology spews out equally magma on the moon's surface! The surface of Io is constantly renewing itself, considering of this process!

Missions

(1973) Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to fly close to Jupiter. It transmitted data on the magnetic fields and energetic radiation. Information technology sent dorsum images of Jupiter and measurements.
(1974) Pioneer 11 was the second spacecraft to fly past Jupiter. It flew three times closer to Jupiter than Pioneer ten did. It showed Jupiter'southward polar regions.
(1979) Voyagers 1 and 2. Voyager 2 explored the moons of Jupiter. They created a fourth dimension-lapse video of how Jupiter inverse from Voyager 1 to Voyager two.
Launched 1989, Probe decent 1995 Impact:(2003) Galileo had 10 scientific instruments and a probe that learned a lot about Jupiter. Information technology institute the radiations to a higher place the clouds, helium concentration, Io'south(the 3rd largest moon of Jupiter) volcanism, evidence for liquid h2o oceans nether Europa'southward(The 4th largest moon of Jupiter) surface. The probe measured the temperature, pressure level, chemical composition, deject characteristics, sunlight, and lightning. The probe went 124 miles into Jupiter's temper before existence destroyed. The probe was sent into Jupiter by its controllers in lodge to prevent contaminating possible bacterial ecosystems on some of the moons. The probe was more than likely crushed by Jupiter'south immense gravity.
(1992) Ulysses passed by Jupiter. This was done to take reward of Jupiter's gravitational pull, assuasive the probe to be in a final orbit around the sun to see its north and south poles.

Purdue Connections

Michael J. McCulley (Captain, USN, Ret.)

BS 'lxx, M.S. '70, Metallurgical Engineering, Purdue University

He was the pilot aboard STS-34, Atlantis, October 1989, where the crew successfully deployed the Galileo spacecraft on its six-yr journey to Jupiter, where it began its 2-twelvemonth exploration of the planet and its moons. During this mission, the coiffure also operated the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SSBUV) to map atmospheric ozone. He has logged a total of 119 hours and 41 minutes in space.